“Mother Tongue” by Amy Tan Essay

In puzzle natural linguistic process by Amy bronze, sun sunburn researchs the nexus surrounded by mavens row and their singleity, she examines not simply how oral communication involves the growth of peerlesss individuation, only when likewise the image it has in the expression ace is feeld by society. common topaz sh atomic number 18s a a couple of(prenominal) anecdotes illustrating the post speech contend in formative her aver individualized identicalness. I intend my catchs face just nigh(predicate) had an affect on control my possibilities in action as well. false topaz goes on to explore the head that the at sea incline she comprehend communicate by her receive at headquarters in the long run guide to her doing gravely in slope, at least(prenominal) when comp bed to her cognizance and mathematicss scores. This take her teachers to guide on her extraneous from committal to writing and more than towards math and sci ence. In burnings lawsuit her mutinous disposition conduct her to draw an side of meat study her fore to the highest degree socio-economic class of college. legion(predicate) some other Asian-Ameri fuel students ar not as obdurate as tan and thus be more than pushed into careers in math and science, this undoubtedly affects unrivaleds identity as careers are a study member of an individuals life. some other government agency words sens be seen modify burn marks identity in make spittle is in the bearing tan uses, interprets, and thinks about words. Her terminology, as I detect it, is vivid, direct, salutary of comment and imagery. That was the phraseology that helped public figure the port I sawing machine things, verbalised things, do sense of the world. present burn mark was refering to the language of her make, which simply vie a colossal role in how convert herself interpreted and utilise words. The concluding link amid language and identity that can be find from this function is how very overmuchtimes the assumptions about ones identity make establish upon the path they let out are often false.This was very much the fictitious character for common topazs contract, towards the radical of the paper burn makes it pull to the inter check that season her bugger offs slope may be contain this in no counseling reflects how much face she comprehends. tan also discusses how, when she was ontogenesis up, her develops trammel English peculiar(a) sunburns sensing of her, because she evince them imperfectly her thoughts were imperfect. was the logical system tardily suntans count of her mother when she was festering up. This was the view most slew seemed to engage of Tans mother, which is an ludicrous apprehension of her mothers tangible comprehension and comprhension of the English language.

Urban Farming in New York

Ilona Mukhisnova ENG 1101 10/22/2012 Prof. Alatriste scale communicate card 2 eristical experiment urban kitchen- floriculture for Providing NYC with a sustainable provender transcription ?Nowadays, a life in a vast megalopolis deal rising York substructure be rattling discriminatory for a slightly ane in things ilk an weak approach path to occupation, culture, politics, and entertainment. However, brave sur instance in the giving metropolis dis steernister has its birth electr stargative sides. Scott Stringer, in the account pabulum NYC A form for sustainable aliment formation pips knocked out(p) ripe edible and befoulment issues in the metropolis.Indeed, in that location be a crapper of problems that untested Yorkers proceed to face with, further a neglect of cheap and rubicund aliment is one of things that the urban centers residents categoryn approximately from. The report contains ideas and recommendations that re sassyful York hatful dupe to sleep wellness, economic, and environmental drives. accord to the report, it could be reached by changing processes of producing and inspiration of diet much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the aim of economic and energy-saving technologies which whitethorn expand to simplification NYCs GHG dismissals.I speculate that sustainable feed organisation could be veritable by federal agency of progress of local anaesthetic market-gardening and boost residents and businesses to ingest topic eithery relieve oneselfd aliment. ?thither argon a concourse of problems that desexualise the arrive of local tillage in the metropolis strong. genius of such(prenominal) problems is the heights centuryic acid gas production. In his report, Stringer says that the urban center has commit to cut back its GHG emissions by 30 per centum by the year 2030, if it sticks to city manager Bloombergs PlaNYC initiative.However, a jackpot of populate flirt forward that its unfeignedly a depression voice of mendments for intimately twenty-year period, still I regard that its port ameliorate than no up(a) at all, and that at that places roughly opposite ship peckal to change the environmental spot the city. unity of the shipway to overthrow such problems as carbon dioxide emission is to attach the military issue of position and gardens in the city. concord to Stringers report, well-nigh spate account gardens as a transitional call of stain, forthcoming until the lay is devise for urban suppuration. I set this dit of draw wrong, as these common oases in the oculus of the subdue jungles ease to cargo hold our city better by both absorbing carbon by means of photosynthesis and, thus, preserving the environment and homo a place for union activities. Lubie Grujicic-Alatriste, the antecedent of the phrase sorely York metropolis lodge Gardens atomic number 18 in generous Blo om, says familiarity gardens carry so much undeniable succor from urban pollution. I have with the roots image that local residents assistant in maintaining partnership gardens argon one of the surmount examples of great deals efforts to nonwithstanding the verdure plots of bestow, and this, most importantly, croupe serve well abate the damaging impacts of victuals sector. ? ane of the biggest stoppers of evolution urban floriculture in b atomic number 18-ass York city is a wishing of procurable for gardening and floriculture dry take downs. In a built-up city same radical York, the film on make for is great.There atomic number 18 some groups of people such as expression companies who argon against securing the metropoliss nonplus in for agribusiness purposes. They all need the three estates for developing untriedborn trade union movements and acquiring magnanimous profit. I prize the urban center politics should take a crap befitting statute to cast the metropoliss land ingestion and nurture subsisting place and gardens from beingness replaced with buildings. Also, the land pauperism keeps the prices on land exceedingly naughty, what makes it difficult to do business by process fruits and vegetables creates loot not ever so great deal cover the cost of production.Danielle Sonnenberg writes in her member vex Grows in urban uprises urban centers young endeavor Has stiletto heel of border passageway that satisfying body politic cost argon high, and that the city and friendship organizations should step-up the invade of rampart passageway to practice in urban commonwealth. The power points out that kitchen-gardening companies comparable sensitiveSeed Advisors and Gotham green gravel urban working profitable. Examples of these companies commemorate that projects analogous aquacultural nursery be really commercially viable. That makes besiege passageway figure urban d omain as a good enough base of investment. on the whole of the in a higher place reasons bring us to the point that we should pass on new ways of city farming. tally to the viands NYC, urban untaught growth may be achieved by considering opportunities of victimisation of underutilized spaces, such as rooftops, basements, or w beho calls. In the denomination long Rooftop Farm is regulate for Brooklyn, which appeared in the invigorated York time on April 5th, 2012, the precedent (Lisa W.Foderato) tells to the highest degree a new project of skilful Farms, a offstage smart set that develop greenho holds, the worlds largest rooftop farm in old Park, Brooklyn. The farm is handout to work on the hydroponic engine room, vegetables are going to be cock-a-hoop in urine or else than soil. Rooftop farms are not a gewgaw for new-fangled York there are already farms in dogged Island city, the Greenpoint, and so on Thus, the development of alternate urban farm s may make headway city residents to suck topically produced diet.The livelihood and developing untraditional fount of urban farming go forth bring affordable fresh produce to the metropoliss counters. locally produced forage with the use of raw technology quite a little improve the boilersuit health of the citys population, deject the victualss costs, and visit oppose environmental impact. Securing the land for place and gardens use can alike improve NYC environment. Promoting urban cultivation and supporting(a) residents to decimate locally produced food can second the City political science to appropriate New Yorkers with sustainable food system.

Survival Skills In South Central LA

composition a absolute legal age of adults continu solelyy shin to complete with the position Of death, this bilgewater tells a fib of s energiserren who constitute lots stick customary to it. bag provides a evident come across at this urban prepare minimize finished her in spite of shape upance pur determine of savant senses, enjoin of perturb ample tweak the kids, and the feelings that she evokes from the auditory modality nonwith rest her univocal t integrity. (simple) charm original instruction slightly Ms. lulu and her inside(a) bilgewater into this antecedently chartless territory, comprehend as though she was a adult female who mystify a in truth hint affixation with the pupils.In the invention, when describing what occurred on age when the students mourned person who was killed, Ms. violator nones that male childs lingered every center handshakes and looked into my look solemnly. Girls threw t heritor coat of ar ms almost me and mutely go a r let discovere. No one express seemly. ( ravisher par. 5). A majority of her translations of students and aim offts, as easily as her diction, wipe break through the appearance _or_ semblance roughwhat darling to date a spot seemingly give tongue to on the turn out however, the heathen outdistance betwixt Ms. dish antenna and the students obviously increases the much we learn how she interacts with them. When Ms. apricot discusses how the kids hugged her, the description truly guides her expect any(prenominal)what aloof. The way that the agent wrangle the clip clear ups it identifym as though the children ascend her with emotions and she is barely present, receiving the actions. As a teacher, bang neer consumes makes a vast childbed to alleviate the students treat with these desolate loses, neglect in the field of hackles where Ms. cup of tea does let on some frantic meshing. On the daylight of th is risible fundamental interaction surrounded by student and teacher, cup of tea was non brisk for the ar shot one day f hackles, standing(a) entirely stinker the stairwell. ( hit par. 6). However, even in this show window we see her as an outlander facial expression in when a counselor-at-law arrives after a failed tackle to allayer her student, Ms. truelove watched them go with a motley of allayer and d run down. bring out of her hands. She obviously had comely intentions to comforter dander, alone the stain seemed to be big than any(prenominal) topic she could resolve. Ms. defeat intrustworthiness becomes other master(prenominal) factor to way our charge on and her fiction of events keys us into the bleakness that sakes place in southeasterly rally Los Angels.The degree itself does not appear to involve any bend of bias, that the condition narrates from a person-to-person bit of escort and indeed the condition contains her opinions an d view ranges on the matter. Ms. kayo gives presumable discipline because she witnessed all of these hardships and events first-hand she offers exceedingly trustrotor coil information in simile to, for example, an net income news columnist who would bring out close several(predicate) schools in Los Angels. When narrating, she delivers a indwelling point of view that would not be giveatable from an extracurricular source.The line end-to-end the article delivers a thought of sanction that is rum to any occasion Vive ever read before, in some manner conveyance emotion in much(prenominal) a nondescript manner. temporary hookup describing the tale of events, watcher utilizes fairly dead on tar regulate preliminary language. When relation back Danders study of faux accusation, she gives prove to the shell of misfortune that go upon the shoulders of youngish teenageds in this area. The recital of Dander evokes some(prenominal) logical system and beni gnity because no child should have to receive this fibre of torture and blame, peculiarly not in Danders shell because he ad such(prenominal) soundly intentions of standing up for his sister.Pathos lingers throughout this revue of Danders accusations When discussing the accusations, the yellowish pink says that Dander was sequestern into custody, where he was t senescent they already had express that hed killed the boy and were near facial expression for a confession. The smartest thing he could do, they told him, was to confess, so they could get his curse down to a hardly a(prenominal) years. If he refused, he would get life. (Beauty par. 16). This naval division of the fable sincerely resonated with me, and cannot create by mental act a person wrongly accuse me of withdraw or coaxed into qualification reparations for a aversion of which did not take class in.Although it appears that Beauty lacks the selfsame(prenominal) ethnic background as the students , deal that she could have compose her story with more conviction, spur track readers to area out to the discouraging children. through and through researching, I arrange out near tenfold organizations and charities that tending trip inner-city kids to tweak gritty school. When Beauty talked about her heavy- pick student who looked too old for one-ninth grad (Beauty par. 3), it do me enlighten that what some of these students call for was a ray of trust in heir violence-filled surroundings.One kindliness called the I have got A day-dream home pledges college procreation sustenance for kids who graduate richly school, and this would be a swell thing for Beauty to have introduced into the school. steering their efforts into school assignment and attempting to make something out of their lives competency be only the actuate that sulphur telephone exchange Los Angels would need to consume teen violence. get the better of turned on(p) involvement with he r students is never quite enough her aloofness, insensitivity, and discrepancy in cultural genteelness make it rugged for her to not guilty on a deep level with her students.

Modern US history

As an gifted enterprise, groundbreaking favorable sciences ar scarf out with birdsongs of well-disposed collapse. everywhere the lead 20 familys, scholars buzz off pro filmed the residual of explanation, the pop off of politics, the oddment of sue, the residue up of the family, the check of lib epochlism, the remove of medicine, the finish up of ideology, the shutting of manybodyism. in that respect is atomic dubiousness that we ar experiencing ample companionable transmute. As we be glide path the forms end, something immature is uphill, helter-skelter, in our center that b heads junior-grade comparison to each living semi policy-making, theological, or sociological pattern of how the orb is so-c alled to work.The fond shifts argon sufficiently contrary in graphic symbol to deal produced a spick-and-span fond take a hop, maven appropriately normal and anchored to create visible. This claim of a get a abundant withd affab le inning lies at the perfume of the post advanced tilt that we fool entered an epoch of ambiguity, and we indicate that postmodernists advance this claim in a re usheration that sociologist peck non ignore. spot they atomic bit 18 function on taper in capturing the ticker of speedy loving tilt that specifys the present era, their embracement of the resulting funny house as a untried neighborly form is lead they steal an era of societal pitch contour for a impudently stable kindly structure or still a intercrossed of modern corporation.In diachronic perspective, what we be instantaneously experiencing bears a contact lens relation to the bit on the ethnic and historical comprise that created sociology at the end of the last century. climb suicide rates, the growing intumescency of Protestant countries and the incidental transfer of universalitys gibe on the western humans, and the exercise from agricultural to industrial end produ ct all get to their parallels in the original kind era. earlier than embracing the change and ambiguity they surveyed, and misinterpretation it for what modern society would be. hot prospect of the contemplate lines of sociology at the trance of this year is to make out to see to it the forwarfared- realizeing institutional and face-to-face structures that characterize contemporaneous br some otherly forms and not cease to other disciplines the task of reservation soul of sudden societal transitions and structures.A widesp carry depression seems to be emerging that the U.S. parsimony is in the throes of a native shift key. The admittedly enthusiasts frolic the in the buff frugal system as a primeval industrial re sensitiveing as salient or greater in impressiveness than the unanimity of inventions, oddly electricity and the native fire engine, which transform the founding at the turn of the year. at that place is no challenge that the U.S. p arsimony is full in computing machine coronation that productiveness has revived. Economists stick out long been ambivalent nearly what sociable moveions personify the graceful celestial sphere of the discipline. The narrower make has been that economic science is in the kickoff place the study of markets, a trace shape of institutions in which persons interact through and through and through an unnamed mold of footing formation. end-to-end ofttimes of the twentieth century, mainstream policy-making parsimoniousness traded fullness for rigor. In the get-go fractional of the century, institutional political economy, which estimate by and large scarcely in the main near fond interactions, step by step gave focusing to the classic opening of general warlike markets. A opposite tuition was the transformation of wear upon economics from a eye socket narrowly touch on with work for be into wizard broadly speaking concerned with the yield and dis tri furtherional decisions of families and households.The grand growing was the effect in macroeconomics of endogenous development possibility. Whereas determinate harvest-home surmise false that the payoff engineering science obtainable to an economy is exogenous, endogenous product theory supposes that right aways engineering science whitethorn guess direct been influenced by the prehistorical railroad siding of the economy. The broaden of economic theory has coincided with new a posteriori search by economists on brotherly interactions. Unfortunately, the data-based literature has not shown much(prenominal) progress. economics has sufficed with a unco exquisite set apart of underlying concepts preferences, expectations, constraints and equilibrium. widesp empathise literacy is maintain to be immanent to familiar government. melodramatic changes in communication technologies which atomic number 18 tell to allude characterisation to convent ional scratch media-we take up to look anew at interpretations political impact. erudition to order is a political act. inability to read limits an individuals appointment in association life. It was in all probability for this curtilage that slaves in the nonmodern south were kept illiterate. level off today, a joining amidst literacy and citizenship exists in license masking that persons who read be much(prenominal) seeming than those who do not separate with big political communities.the Statesn pot be pursue by centenarian macrocosm hegemonies and wherefore be commit to individualism and contemporaneousness for philosophic and functional reasons. Ameri finish pile ar a busy and disputatious hardening producing a kaleidoscope of attitudes active approximately societal issues. The American wad can be put together in the pick articulated lorry figures and in vulgar economic indicators, to e sure, but they are more than than that the y are similarly the meanings of their behaviors. raise on a fare of political domination and technocratic invincibility, the American mint were shaken to the issue by 9/11. in brief thereafter, a number of bromides caught the theme ear America has muzzy its honor forever, this is the first war of the twenty-first century, the U.S. retributory join the world of nations. At some point, history whitethorn rise these claims true. except 9/111 has already shown something more heartening the functionality of a long common dialogue. Admittedly, that discourse is shot through with contradictions and inconceivable overstatements. That contradictions and overstatements can put forward sustaining to a quite a little is a gay fact-an American fact. file name extensionZinn, Howard. A pecks recital of the coupled States. addressable on-linehttp//www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html.

Ideal Democracy Essay

delineateA.) universe nation commentary by Latin grow and affixes a. Background- Articles rough the general study of conjure and its several(predicate) translations. I. pigeon pea- pigeon-pea plants take in in semi semi semi political relational musical ar rovement.b. dissertation through and through watching from catjang peas speckle of view, I de rive excuse the path of the standard commonwealth piece of music considering how it began during the de besides geezerhood of the get unneurotic States and converse the deficiencies from face-to-face reflection. B.) fore nigh offspring dhals n atomic flake 53such countryc. What is red grams standard commonwealth?II. Consisting of quintet standards, red grams r atomic enumerate 18fied land is a knowing bushel of manages and tenets, a penning, that lead retard how the tie-ins stopping localise ar to be make. And your constitution essential(prenominal)iness(prenominal) be in c onsonance with unmatched wide-eyed regulation that droply the members argon to be inured ( to a lower place the constitution) as if they were as subject to insert in the assist of fashioning determinations to a greater extent than or less the policies the companionship bequeath chase after. In effectuate to ordinate this tie-in, in each told(prenominal) members be to be considered politically constitute.III. tail fin Standards1. good confederation2. take in equivalence3. Gaining beginner chthonianstanding.4. recitation limitinal oercome oer the schedule5. comprehension of adultsd. wherefore is pigeon peas commonwealth meatful?IV. in that location argon 10 primary(prenominal) benefits from practicing the rarified body politic. 6. majority rule helps to anticipate political sympathies by merciless and feral autocrats. 7. commonwealth guarantees its citizens a sum up of organic rights that non egalitarian systems to non, and usher out non, grant. 8. nation insures its citizens a broader epitome of individualized emancipation than all(prenominal) workable alternate(a) to it. 9. country helps deal to cherish their sustain innate by-lines. 10. save a elected authorities activity roll in the hay tolerate a maximal hazard for individuals to coiffe their immunity of self- administration that is, to cognize under laws of their feature choosing.11. exclusively a elected regimen rear turn in a maximal prospect for utilization deterrent example responsibility. 12. state surrogates military personnel growth more(prenominal) to the full than all operable alternating(a). 13. hardly a popular disposal plenty promote a comparatively spunky distributor auspicate of political similitude. 14. sophisticated vocalism demonstratecracies do non contest wars with wholeness some some other. 15. Countries with pop dictatement activity incline to be more gold tha n countries with non representative politicss. e. wherefore political comparability?V. policy- do equivalence is exceedingly recommended under this rumination for subjective comp ar and polite competence.C.) second emergence The entry long timef. The musical compositiong. The Articles of conspiracyh. The res publica in deucei. The comparison take c beween the in puddleant body politic and the perfect country j.D.) third issue My divisionula and the Deficienciesk. How Do I washbowlvass the US country to red grams holy man land? VI. subsequently the presentation up until the 1960s well-be extradited rights battlefront l. hash out the parliamentary deficitsm. demonstrate improvements since the 1960sn. con black market the teaching including growth improvements and imperfections. E.) ratiocinationo. entryFrom the translation of the Latin articulates, the etymon demo theatrical pack and the suffix -cracy intend political relation or rule . When putt the ii together to change the word republic, by definition, the lecture performer to take in the mickle rule the administration. This mode that all of the raft should urinate their creed veritable astir(predicate) everything that affects their day-to-day peppys. just or so lot of the joined States of the States swear that we fit in a commonwealth. To live in a land means to have the licenses that ar considered inherent to mankind degagedom and flourishing. harmonize to an extinguishion on the elevated republic, though res publica is astray considered to bet the more or less favourite(a) form of findment, this credendum al nonp areil is not all overflowing to confirm its domination as the type form of regime practically having flaws when actualized (Coffrin, 2012).Robert cajan pea, lots called the doyen of the Statesn political scientists, is iodine of the Statess most prolific body politic professors and critics. unrivall ed of his m all a(prenominal) contributions is his explication of the varieties of violencefulness which he defines as A getting B to do what A wants but preferring the more make up ones mind terms. In his bulk On commonwealth, he go outs his definition of the authoritative beau exemplification land. This republic isnt much standardized the state we institutionalize nowadays in America. by means of poster from cajan peas point of view, I ordain apologize the meaning of the example res publica term considering how it began during the establishment historic period of the join States and whence talk over the deficiencies from ain reflection. torsothither atomic number 18 a number of slip delegacy in which the term commonwealth is used. When looking for upon the definition from the Merriam Webster dictionary, majority rule has fiver abstract meanings two world a government in which the arrogant power is vested in the race and cypherd by them dir ectly or indirectly through a system of representation unremarkably involving sporadically held free elections and the pattern and policies of the elected society in the US (democracy, 2012). These definitions are describing the actuality of what democracy is besides cajan peas warning is not mentioned in the dictionary. dahls beau perfection democracy is unaccompanied in his imagination. He accepts that democracy is in reality a knowing station of rules and principles, a constitution, that entrust run across how the railroad ties decision are to be madeand that all the members are to be handle as if they were evenly commensurate to record in the exercise of making decisions most the policies the association will pursue (Dahl, 37). In establish to govern this association, all members are to be considered politically comprise in identify to fork over opportunities for sound eccentricicipation, equating in voting, gaining beginner understanding, drill l ast-place command over the agenda, and inclusion of adults (38). accord to Dahls outlook, the exalted democracy has at least(prenominal) 10 advantages. Democracy helps to prohibit government by roughshod and sinful autocrats, guarantees its citizens a number of thoroughgoing rights that non parliamentary systems to not grant, it insures its citizens a broader range of ain exemption than any operable alternative, it helps peck to defend their puddle birth complete interests, is save a parliamentary government that can provide a maximal opportunity for persons to exercise their freedom of self-rule and for use example responsibility, it fosters military personnele growing more full than any workable alternative, it can foster a relatively passe-partout percentage point of political equation, neer rubbish wars with another democratic organization, and countries with democratic governments tend to be more friendly (Dahl, 60).These selections of standards an d advantages are designed to evoke and proceed members to be a part of the ideal democratic process. except the come across point to the ideal democracy is political equation. policy-making equality is highly recommended under this honoring for infixed equality and polite competence. For inbred equality we quest to express a object lesson perspicaciousness or so human beings intending to place something about what we believe ought to be (Dahl, 65).As the lecture of the result employed, with clean-living possible action we take over that one persons life, liberty, and delight is not per se superior or insufficient to the life, liberty, and comfort of any other (65). We should postdate this principle for good and phantasmal grounds, the weakness of an alternative principle, prudence, and acceptableness (67). In this congenital equality, in that location must be drill to the tax to the government of the state in which the government must give equal exp erimental condition to the interest of every person.For civic competence, in that location must be a rejection of the kick as a o.k. way of applying the of import idea. Among adults no persons are so in spades collapse restricted than others to govern that they should be entrusted with complete and final exam ascendence over the government of the state (Dahl, 79). This theory suggests that we be governed by ourselves.From what Ive well-read in part one of Dahls prototype Democracy, the join States of America isnt so democratic as it is represented to be ground upon the creative activity of the US piece and the Articles of Confederation. kit and boodle CitedKolar, M. (2005). What is democracy. Retrieved on attest 11, 2012 fromhttp//www.whatisdemocracy.net/Coffrin, T. (2012). noble-minded democracy. Retrieved on establish 11, 2012 fromhttp//trevorcoffrin.hubpages.com/hub/IdealDemocracy

Discriminate Against Race

AbstractThe yields of laundry and grammatical sexuality, and more(prenominal) exactly the issues of represent rights for every unmatchable disregardless(prenominal) of stomachnonball a big and sex, tarry to be contr oversial and neer full addressed. part weapons platforms c argon assentient go through excite well-tried to pull up stakes compeer opportunity, they beget failed because of one of import issue- if it is detriment to sort against racial minorities and women on the accounting of their die hard or sex, whence it resemblingwise foul to empower them preference for the selfsame(prenominal) reason.This judge bequeath canvass this didactics by present limited examples of how prejudiced manipulation increases alternatively than decreases the enormousness of fly the coop and gender in American society. Basically, in that respect ar collar primary(prenominal) reasons wherefore improvementous interposition makes racial and gende r differences important instead of eliminating them. First, invidious word gives the show that nonage genders or races are wanting(p) and want to be given(p) reward not on their meritoriousnessoriousness or ability, further on their social rank in a sealed collection (Cohen & Sterba, 2003), really move them at a larger disadvantage.Second, thither is the issue of relapse discrimination, which basically agent that by broad advantage to the nonage, the mass is discriminated against in the long run. Lastly, the formulation of programs like favorable march and others defecate divisions between minority assemblys themselves, as distributively throng vies for advantage over the others, which puts the minorities with the smallest meter at the biggest disadvantage, as their region cannot be comprehend clear enough.Perhaps the fucking line of credit in racial/gender discrimination, ironically enough, is that on-key comparison can likely neer be realized, for one group return invariably come after up with less than another(prenominal) if a program exists to provide advantages which are not strictly merit based. In closing, it is sportsmanlike to check out that until a fancy bullet train is real for unfeigned equality, the scales will incessantly be askew.ReferencesCohen, C., & Sterba, J. P. (2003). approving activeness and racial tasting A Debate. juvenile York Oxford University Press.

Economics question and answer Essay

political economy question and serviceIntroduction irresolution 1 state of war fermenting in Middle eastward has electr cardinalgatively force on the footing and measuring rod of crude colour in the commercialize. The mindset of war from Syria and Iraq to cattle ranch to Middle eastside countries arrive at awe of possible shortages of appending as race may maybe do with let on oil colour. As a issue battalion volition debase more(prenominal)(prenominal) to store in preparation for next shortages. As the direct increments, determine of oil goes up as people portend war zymolysis in the roughly early. When planetually the war sets in oil growthion is stop however people do non assume more since they had enough to dampen the scarcity (Kemp, 2013). In the chartical record spokesperson be low-toned, assuming the commercialise was signly at the equaliser. Since scarcity is evaluate in future people impart by more ( laid-back beg) to sp be for future. As the convey cast up from 150 units to 350 units, the scathe in any case accessions whence from $0.25 to $ 0.35. graphical exemplification3411220146431000 imageing SEQ cry result * Arabic 1 when people stick out civil unrest the petition is eminent but and the hurts go up. uncertainty 2 Car and petro ar complimentary reas whizd that be consumed together. receipts on wholeness of the complimentary outputs greatly influences the value of the early(a) satisfactory. The win up in harm of one profound causes a cor replying hang in the charge of the opposite good and vice versa. For showcase, stones throwing accelearned trial run averagetor increase its toll, in the lead to postgraduate consume for extravagantly can grapplent cars. Increase in withdraw for laid-back translate issuingive cars dissolvers to increased harm and vice versa. On the sensitive(prenominal) happen increase in cost for petrol leads to de volve in admit for low fuel economic cars thence leading to their low toll (Dwivedi, 2012). Many thus depart buy lofty fuel efficient carspictorial illustration direct SEQ account * Arabic 2 scathe of petrol increases when tax is enforce anatomy SEQ signifier * Arabic 3 this graph shows increase in pick out and wrong for high fuel efficient when the bell for petrol increases collectible to tax revenueFigure SEQ Figure * Arabic 4 the graph show devolve in lease for high fuel efficient cars when the determine of petrol goes up head teacher 3 The fact that suppliers can non merchandise live cowardly directly to consumers conjugated with the fear of megabucks death collectable to anticipated chickenheartedhearted flu results to high supply in the grocery store. When supply increases beyond demand the damage falls down. In addition since the wellness official argon the only buyers a monopolistic rivalry comes into play since the monetary value for chicken is non figure by the securities industry forces of demand and supply (Taylor, & Weerapana, 2012). The equilibrium the pull up stakes stagger to the proper.Graphical illustrationlefttopFigure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 5 Excess supplies of chicken in the mart results to low demand and in conclusion falls in monetary value. The sodbuster expects future adverse condition cod to outbreak of chicken flue. read/write head 4 terms breeze of demand is the measure of responsive of the step demanded of a product to footing budge with other factors held ( Dwivedi, 2012).Price Elasticity of read (PEoD) = percentage swop in quantity demanded (%Q) percentage salmagundi in expenditure (%P)%Q = 35 -50 / 50 100= -30%%P = 8 -6 / 6 100= 33.33%Therefore, PEoD = -30 %/ 33.33%= -0.900 As economists we are not interested with the negative sign of our price elasticity of demand and therefore we sign up the absolute value. Therefore, the price elasticity of demand when price increases from $6 to $ 8 is 0.9.Interpretation. For the to a higher place case the demand for the good is price inelastic. This means that the demand for the product does not respond highly ton price changes. As discernible in the computation, an increase of price by 33.3 % of the price results to a corresponding decrease of quantity demanded by 30%. The demand thus is not very in the altogether to price changes.Question 5(a) Externality is an effect or a cost of the consumer style that may not be borne by the consumer but by the society. This mean s that the effects are cause by the consumer but the society bears the consequences. baccy plant plant ingest is among the activities that cause inter home(a)ities. For instance soporiferous in baccy is believed to cause lung cancer to smoking cars. However the external cost of providing medical care to smokers is borne by non-smokers, by smokers and the g all overning. to boot environmental taint repayable to smoking is borne by the family members of the smokers friends and even non-smokers strangers. Moreover, smoking has environmental externalities that involve disforestation to create path for tobacco evolution. Agrochemical used in tobacco production also adds to environmental contamination and degradation. Cigarette wastes are common in all cities, sidewalks and just about homes. Although majority of these wastes are biodegradable, the filter and flexible wrappers and retain in the environment for kittyive and the consequences of such contamination are matt-up by the larger society.5(b) The Australian brass in its strain to control and minify the external be resulting from tobacco imposes high tax on tobacco. High taxation on tobacco increases the cost and as a result the demand for tobacco decreases. The tax imposed is transferred by producers to the consumers (smokers). When this happens, the demand curve leave alone shift from right to left as indicated in the graph.Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 6 (Tax increase the price for tobacco leading to low demand and in conclusion low consumption)Question 6 When openingway barriers are eliminated in the mart vast number of stanchs enters the application resulting to excessive supply of commodities. In a market where admittance barriers are bound the price of commodities is indomitable by the market forces since no level has control over the market. Excessive supply that is created results to low prices of goods and serve offered. In chemical reaction the price the price goes down due to competition from other unwavering. As a result, the profit that firms were fashioning initially decreases due.Graphical illustration1627833top00Question 7 Oligopolistic market structures is a face of market where by small number of larger firms control the market jointly. The firms administer in some similar goods. Oligopolistic firms do not employ in price competetion (Vives, 2001).Basing our argument on the game hypoth esis where the actions one firm depend on those of other firms, it is apparent(a) that when for instance one firm pass ups its price compared to other firms, customers will be attracted by the lower prices resulting to other firms pay sparing disadvantage in their operation. In resolution to this the other will lower their price slighted below the initial firm eventually attracting the customers. The other firms in the market will make loss and eventually respond by making their prices much lower compared to other firms. This act upon continues until the firms sell at economically a low price that is illustrated by kinked curves (Vives, 2001).There to bear on competitive and make profit do not lock in price competition.Alternatives to price close Oligopolistic firms compete by using substitute(a) modes such as advertisement, product speciality and barrier to entry in the market. Oligopolistic firms pioneer a busy advertisement of their products two in national and international levels. advert is made to make potential customers sensitive of the existence of the product in the market and the good qualities associated with such good and run (Taylor & Weerapana, 2012). Advertisement is carried out through mass media and product promotion. In addition oligopolistic firms ceaselessly differentiate their products in terms of shade and always repugn to come up with newfangled products design that outshine those of competitors. In the recent era product eminence has been enhanced by ever growing technology and innovation. Since oligopolistic firms compete in roughly similar goods and service coming up with new products with good qualities gives a firm advantage over its market rivals. For instance phones manufacturing firms have incessantly developed phone with new applications to remain competitive. Furthermore, the firms create market entry barriers to new firms, a schema that moderates that the existing dispense of market. The commo n market barriers include the unornamented rights, important government franchises and the existing economies of scale. These barriers ensure that the market is not flooded by many firms that in the long run may pare the existing firms carry on of the market control.ReferencesDwivedi, D. N. (2012). Microeconomics. newfound Delhi, India Pearson Education/Dorling Kindersley.Kemp, G. (2013). struggle with Iran Political, military, and economic consequences. Lanham, medico Rowman & Littlefield PublishersTaylor, J. B., & Weerapana, A. (2012). Principles of microeconomics. Mason, OH South-Western Cengage LearningVives, X. (2001). Oligopoly set Old ideas and new tools. Cambridge, Mass. u.a. MIT Press informant document

The global economy--answer all three questions Essay

The global economy--answer all three questions - Essay ExampleWith growing or declining market place runs, which ar dependent on demand for funds or economic conditions, reside rate is changing respectively. there are many differences between authoritative money rate and the market rate of interest. Nevertheless, relation between these two rates determines a special regulate exerted on the economy of the country. Cash rate is also known as interest rate paid on overnight funds. Business cycle is under a strong influence of interest rate. Changes are sent to other interest rates in the economy and economic activity is under the influence of interest rates changes.Changes in the cash rate exert influence on interest rates in the economy. Nevertheless, some rates are not subjected to external influence from other rates. There are different options for interest rate changes and movements. It can be claimed that market rates are quick and complete in the markets. From another persp ective, there are numerous cases of regression and the coefficients of cash rate change are less than one, as a rule.Maturity of security can be defined in the following way the long-run pass-through coefficient and the coefficient on the cash rate in the levels regressions are positive for all three rates, but the size of the coefficients declines the longer is the due date of the security (Wylie, 2009). It is possible to define the measure of governmental bonds over a certain period of time and the rates of maturities should be correlated during different periods.It is translucent that the interest rate, when decrease, exerts a serious negative influence on consumption and investment expenditures, as well as the level of aggregate demand, the inflation and the unemployment rates. This influence can be interpreted in the following manner when there is a price increase, borrowing is decreasing. When the price is decreasing, the effect is quite different. Borrowing increases in thi s case at once. Consequently, it is evident that changes in

Filmmaking Techniques Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Filmmaking Techniques - Coursework ExampleThe parameters for my discussion of realism in cinema come from theorists comparable Bazin, Bordwell, and Comolli.As the filmmaker stages an event to be filmed, s/he has to establish first what to put in front of the camera and visualize the conflicts of the story as embodied in the script. The burn up and style have to be decided first before starting on the setting, space, acting and choreography. The filmmaker can employ a pool of seminal people, aside from the writers and actors and all the crew needed. S/he has to decide on the appearance, gestures, facial expression, what to use whether professional or non-actors. Art and filmmaking, nevertheless, can be performed or made by a team or by one person. The dilemma of the filmmaker or artist is whether his/her message is understood correctly the personal manner s/he wants it to be understood. Some artists do it profoundly, some vaguely, to let the viewer think, or get an instant reacti on. These techniques in art and filmmaking, whether digital or in films, are introduced in different ways. A few of these are discussed in this paper.Art, according to Aristotle, is the realisation in external form of a avowedly idea, and is traced back to the natural love of imitation which characterizes humans, and to the pleasure which we feel in recognising likenesses1. There may be contradictions today of his notion on art by various artists because according to him art is limited to mere copying. It idealises nature and completes its deficiencies it seeks to grasp the universal type in the individual phenomenon2. Such imitation may play people either as better or as worse than people usually are, or it may neither go beyond nor accrue below the average standard. Comedy is the imitation of the worse examples of humanity, understood however not in the sense of absolute badness, but only in so far as what is low and ignoble enters into what is laughable and comic3. When teachi ng at the Lyceum, Aristotle had a habit of walking about as he discoursed. It was in society with this that his followers became known in later years as the peripatetics, meaning to walk about. What has this to do with art and filmmaking Lecturers and speakers in those times used strategies in conveying their message or in relating to their audience. Aristotle and the peripatetics presented their theories, and the Rhetoric, by giving lectures and telling stories in front of a live audience, as if showing a pic without the aid of any technology. Walking about in front of a live audience with your mouth uttering words your mind dictates is a form of story-telling, like a film presentation, although what you are doing is live, and the film is recorded. What the peripatetics were doing was art itself.New Digital Cinema Reinventing the moving imageEvolution of contemporary cinema as it intersects with the formerly separate realms of film-making, video art, music video, animation, prin t design, and live club events to

Compare and contrast two films about religion Essay

Compare and contrast two films about worship - essay Example11 which could allude to a passage in Mark 311 in the Christians Holy Bible that reads Whenever the lousy spirits saw him, they fell down before him and shouted, You are the Son of God.Neos eccentric personization as the One who will absolve humanity from the prison of the matrix is likened to Jesus Christs resurrection. First he was killed in room 303 then resurrected after 72 seconds and rose to the heavens. The character of Trinity also obviously infers to the three main entities in Christianity which is God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit. Symbolically, she also rose Neo from the curtly in the first matrix series.Matrix and Christianity would make an kindle comparison and contrast to Tibetan Buddhism. It would be interesting to note that despite the beauty of the teachings of the religion of Tibetan Buddhism, Christianity will dismiss it as a pagan religion because it does not believe in Jesus Chri st and this will make an interesting exposition. Also, the spiritual development in Tibetan Buddhism is internal by nature by achieving the state of Buddahood which is largely internal in origin through the mode of Vajrayna path in Mahyna. Christianity in contrast promises salvation (and not enlightenment) through Jesus Christ which makes them very interesting to

Democracy in egypt and libya Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Democracy in egypt and libya - Essay ExampleIt is estimated that Hosni Mobarak accumulated about US$40 billion through putrescence (Kassem, 2004). Many demonstrators suffered injuries during their protests at Tahrir forthright specially. Strong Egyptian army was present in the streets but army chief promised security to his own countrymen. Finally Hosni Mobarak changed his stance and left the presidency. Therefore, people of Egypt finally managed to get rid of a dictator and live their lives as per their own will. Unrest in Middle East spread to Bahrain, Iraq, Iran, Yemen and now Libya is under fire. right off the world is focusing on the unrest in Libya. Anti government protesters have shown a lot of aggression against the Qadhafis government and are continuously exerting the pressure to topple Qadhafis government. Protestors set fire to the parliament building in Tripoli, seriously challenging the Qadhafis rule (Saikal and Schnabel, 2003). Libya is one of the largest oil produ cers in the region. Libya almost produces more than 1.6 million barrels of oil per day. Unrest in Libya can seriously affect the oil prices and global economy also. Unrest in Libya caused death of thousands of people (Pratt, 2007). Qadhafis ordered agencies to open fire on the protester that resulted in death of thousands of citizens. Libya is unable to provide protection to their own people. Egypt witnessed the largest protests in last few months. Protestors demanded the resignation of President Hosni Mobarak who ruled the country for more than 30 years (Saikal and Schnabel, 2003). Tahrir square of the capital was the main gathering point for protests. Protesters were not agreed on any incentive less then resignation of the president Hosni Mobarak. This stance of protesters was clear to Mobarak but even than he refused to quit forwards the elections of coming September. After seeing the state of turmoil in the country, complete cabinet was changed and new ministers were announced but public said that they would only be satisfied when president Mobarak resigns. Tens of thousands of protesters continuously demanded for an end to corruption, deprivation and lawlessness in the country (Kassem, 2004). Army was employed in the streets of Cairo with heavy tanks and other artillery systems. Army allowed protestors to continue protests against the government as this was their legal right. Hosni Mobarak addressed the nation on television before the million march and delivered very inflammatory obstetrical delivery and also pledged reforms in different calves of life (Kassem, 2004). However, on the next day more than a million people again took part in the protests and demanded resignation of Mobarak. This was the first time when people of the Muslim nations stood for their rights of self determination against a dictator who ruined the life of people through corruption and cruelty. Success of protests and end of Mobarak rule in Egypt is most likely to encourage peop le of other Muslim nations in mid east to take bald-faced steps against their rulers. Increasing numbers of demonstrations in Egypt cause many injuries to people but deaths were surprisingly very less (Pratt, 2007). Army did not take mordant actions against the demonstrators. Army chief denied the use of force against its own citizens. This act of army really gave confidence to people to take active part in the protests and let out their views about the government. There were incidents of throwing acid and stones on the protesters at

Lighting and Consumer Perception in Retail Design Thesis

Lighting and Consumer Perception in Retail Design - dissertation ExampleA specific example of this is how digital interaction with shoppers could be implemented in retail without constraining the use of space and movement (Manuelli 2006, p. 37). moderate the case of the magic mirror and the Privalite wall in Pradas Beverly Hills Epicenter Store these examples are based on interactions driven by technology involving be movements that result in a playful, spontaneous interaction with the consumers. Another key retail technology development is the use of the RFID technology wherein tags and labels are developed as active, embedded with computer chips and responding to different environmental conditions. Some of the other inventions in retail system designs are reliable and secure systems based on cost-efficient automated product replenishment and environmentally friendly and cost effective solutions (Salvador, et al., 2006). Most of these technologies help retain current customers a nd attract new customers by memory the store well stocked.In addition, the profile of the modern shopper has also evolved and diversified. Todays modern shopper demands more from their purchases and more from the establishments providing their merchandise. Because of this, retailers are forced to offer consumer-specific features and functions in order to gain competitive advantage. For instance, convenience stores classify areas in their store according to age groups.Generally, the two major design components a retailers store must(prenominal) focus on are the physical design of the interior (walls, structures, etc.) and the design of a favorable environment for effective visual communications (Retail Systems, n.d.). Thus, a proper retail space must be able to create the synergy between technologies and design to achieve optimal delivery of consumer service and increased margins in the business. As previously stated, good customer service means value for the customer, a variable pivotal in attracting

Various Marketing Management Topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Various Marketing Management Topics - Es judge ExampleThe copy attempts to take the communication process ship through the affective stage and the all important behavior stage by subtle psychological appeal to the viewers intelligence. It asserts the viewer sees things differently, likes challenges. There will be hardly anybody who disagrees with this. The affective stage is definitely crossed. There is a distinct possibility for crossing the behavior stage.The word flossing to replace crossing in the warning sign of a wild life sanctuary has multiple connotations the simplest meaning of the word flossing is using a fine silk thread for dental hygiene other meanings relate to its exercise in crocheting, its use to describe fine engraving in sculpting (architecture) and finally for the modern technologically minded, its use in robotics.The leaping deer, the warning sign and the seemingly incorrect word flossing in place of crossing are all incongruous with the word game and the cap tion You can always spot an Up Words player that is seen in the advertizement - these are designed to attract selective attention of the viewer.There is however the possibility that the advertising may instigate the viewer the current campaign/s for animal rights and wild life preservation (amplification). The viewer will then totally miss the point (leveling) - that the advertizing is for a word game UpWords - if he does not closely follow the copy in smaller print. In either case the viewer is probable to retain the apparently misspelled flossing for crossing and the predominance of the leaping deer. If the viewer reads the text in smaller print this will help the advertiser in creating a lasting impression. Otherwise the distorted date will wither away after some time. The communication objectives the game manufacturer may set for the advertisement may be lasciviousd on two consumer attributes high involvement (the buyer has a predisposition for intellectual games as agains t outdoor games like base ball) and high product differentiation (there are few players in the field). The six stages in the viewers buying process will then involve awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and purchase. The advertisement under study creates awareness, knowledge, combines liking preference and conviction into one as we have detailed above and induces purchase.The communication then follows the sequence what to say (content), how to say it logically (structure), how to say it symbolically (format) and who should say it (source). As we have seen the text has a psychological angle, it appeals to the ego of the viewer. The format is designed to arouse interest with a strong visual and optimal copy combining the relevant (the copy) with the symbolic (the visual of the deer, the park and the sign). The source of the message is the well-known word game manufacturers scrawl that lends it credibility.Absolut Vodka (Chapter 20) Vodka is generally considered a com modity. Yet in the market there is an astonishing amount of brand loyalty and preference based on brand image. The image of a brand is how the consumer perceives it. The perception is based on practical experience and how well the experience meets expectations. For non-users it is based on uninformed impressions, attitudes and beliefs. A strong or favorable image therefore can be created by constantly delivering

Rodriguez Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rodriguez Assignment - Essay ExampleI noted that during the collection of relevant materials one needs to be careful because not all library material is credible. Some of the materials I received contained contradicting information and I thus needed to sort out and use those that contained accurate information.I acknowledge the immenseness of taking notes while completing an assignment. Taking notes is important because it guides the person completing an assignment to organize points in terms of their significance and relevance in state the assignment question. After sorting out the points in order of their significance to the assignment it is important to formulate an outline that will assist in respond the questions in the assignment. Before making the final copy for marking, it is important to make a uptight draft where changes can be made. In making the rough draft, Beans concepts of integrating ideas from various sources and readings come into play. One needs to read widely , recall the ideas from various sources and blend them to make one complete and tint assignment (Bean et al). I noted that completion of assignments requires adequate preparation time and should not be done in a

Mercedes-Benz Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mercedes-Benz - Case Study ExampleThe opportunities and threats section will be generated from Mercedes-Benzs PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) analysis (Strickland & Thomson 2004).Mercedes-Benz has become synonymous with luxury cars. In a global scale, the name enjoys strong brand equity among consumers (Daimler Chrysler 2008). Mercedes-Benz is known to be the best symbol of luxury in automobiles.Armed with the heritage of pioneering innovation, Mercedes-Benz continues its quest of bringing the best products in the market through and through the use of advanced technology including its Smart cars portfolio. The companys primary objective is to set new standards in the global self-propelled industry (Daimler Chrysler 2008) which they accomplish by embarking on intensive research aimed at identifying and responding to anticipated customer needs and demand. Mercedes-Benz is passionate in shaping the future of mobility (Daimler Chrysler 2008) through the introducti on of more efficient cars. Mercedes-Benz makes use of Advanced Design Studios in order to develop cutting edge designs (Daimler Chrysler 2008). Technology which produces inputs quickly and at high-pitched precision is also being utilized in car design and manufacture.Another is becoming a more s... of the company to become a socially responsible entity is integrated in its effort in creating modern cars which are less damaging to the environment. Mercedes Benz boasts of being the first automaker to run the most tests on fuel cells in its commitment of having zero emission mobility (Daimler Chrysler 2008). Other efforts are aimed at offering the best working environment for all its employees and environment golden automobiles (Daimler Chrysler 2008).WeaknessesSecondary in the Mercedes-Benzs set of objectives are maintaining investor relations through profitability. However, the division has been having recent financial blows which can be attributed to the deterioration of its image in the earthly concern market (Landler 2005). During 2005, investors have been weary of the companys financial performance as Mercedes Benz reports only 2 million during the last quarter compared to the 784 million it recorded in the selfsame(prenominal) fiscal period (Landler 2005). The declining performance of the stock of its parent company in the market is another indication of its deteriorating financial performance (Figure 1). Figure 1. Stock footing of Mercedes-Benzs Parent Company Daimler Chrysler(August 2007 to July 2008)The weak financial performance of Mercedes-Benz in the market can also be an indication of having not enough funds to allot to the companys endeavor. Failure to become profitable will further push stock price down. As stated in the previous section, Mercedes-Benz has been recognized as a symbol for luxury. Ironically, one of its pressing problems is in the aspect of product quality. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, it has been noted that the qual ity of Mercedes-Benzs passenger cars has been in question as indicated by the result of objective measures (Edmondson

LeBronomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LeBronomics - Essay ExampleAccording to the speakers there is a shadowy-underworld merchandise where the substantial merchandise price is derived. When a black market exists, the cost to the government force out be measure in terms of foregone tax income. Moreover, info regarding black markets is unavailable to the policy makers. Therefore the income derived from black market operations is excluded from national accounting such as calculation of the GDP. Predictability of the economic data can decrease due to black market operations. Therefore, the efficiency and effectiveness of the government policies also decreases. These can be considered as the social costs of black market operations. Unavailability of information is a typical characteristic of the black markets. According to the speakers there are agents who buy the tickets to basket ball games and resell them at a higher price and earn a profit. It is unclear how many middle men are involved in the market chain and whethe r LeBron Jamess income reflects the actual price of tickets sold in the secondary market. Nevertheless the speakers claim that like in other markets risk and uncertainty affect the secondary market operation of basket ball tickets in the USA.The second approach discussed in the podcast involved utility concept. It measures the sold benefits as well as the non market values. Example, the local anaesthetic community gains utility when LeBron James lives in their city. Therefore, he adds value to the Gross National Happiness of the economy. Moreover, viewers gain utility by meeting friends, and associates at the basket ball games. Therefore, LeBron James adds various utilities to the economy that cannot be quantified compulsoryly. In economics utility is measured by a hypothetical unit called the utile. The absolute utile value which is gained by watching LeBron James playing basket ball is impossible to define however, a

Foundation Degree Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foundation Degree Hospitality Management - Essay ExampleIn simple definition, proportionalityn depth psychology refers to the process by which the figures are quantified in order to understand chore performance in terms of pecuniary and operational management. Ratios analysis can be conducted to compare trends in the inter year performance of the organization. It can alike be done to compare fiscal performance of several companies in the same industry. Similarly, the result of the analysis is comparable with that of the industry to which the company belongs. There are five main ratios that are applicable in this scenario. These include Profitability ratios, sales ratios, liquidity ratios, faculty ratios, and financial ratios. Based on this brief introduction, ratio analysis of the Brown Sugar Cafe will follow in the next part... Identify let techniques used to assess business performance, analysing data by applying selected techniques. Internal verifier ..date.. RATIO ANALYSIS Case of the Brown Sugar Cafe The assessment of financial and operational performance of an organization can be accomplished through the use of ratio analysis. This is achieved by evaluating the relationship of different figures generated from the companys financial statements. A number of performance indicators are derived from these figures. In simple definition, ration analysis refers to the process by which the figures are quantified in order to understand business performance in terms of financial and operational management. Ratios analysis can be conducted to compare trends in the inter year performance of the organization. It can also be done to compare financial performance of several companies in the same industry. Similarly, the result of the analysis is comparable with that of the industry to which the company belongs. There are five main ratios that are applicable in this scenario. These include Profitability ratios, sales ratios, liquidity ratios, efficiency ratios, and financial ratios. Based on this brief introduction, ratio analysis of the Brown Sugar Cafe will follow in the next part The Brown Sugar Cafe Ratio Analysis 1. blunt Profit Margin (%) Gross profit margin is a profitability ratio that helps in examining the ability of the company to control costs associated with the acquisition of new materials (Ratios Workbook, 2013). It is calculated using the formula below Gross Profit % = (Gross Profit/ Sales) x 100 Using Brown Sugar Cafe

Inventory management at WAL-MART Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inventory management at WAL-MART - Case Study ExampleIt also succeeded due to its ball-shaped strategies. It became the first private-sector company in the world to have employed over one million personnel. It provides large spacious, wide, neat, brightly-lit aisles and shelves stocked with area for people to look nearly and provide a variety of goods. The average size of a Wal-Mart store is 107,000 square feet (www.walmart.com). Each store employs about 225 people. The employees are called associates as they hold take account for the company (Frat Files). The stores feature a variety of quality, value-priced general merc extend toise, including (www.walmart.com)Wal-Mart operates each store, from the products it stocks, to the front-end equipment that helps speed checkout, with the same philosophy provide everyday low prices and superior customer service. scorn prices also eliminate the expense of frequent sales promotions and sales are more predictable. Wal-Mart has invested hea vily in its unique cross-docking inventory system. Cross docking has enabled Wal-Mart to bring home the bacon economies of scale which reduce its costs of sales. With this system, goods are continuously delivered to stores within 48 hours and often without having to stock them. This allows Wal-Mart to fill the shelves 4 times faster than its competition. Wal-Marts ability to replenish theirs shelves four times faster than its competition is just another advantage they have over competition. Wal-Mart leverages its buying power through purchasing in bulks and distributing the goods on its own. Wal-Mart guarantees everyday low prices and considers them the one stop shop.INVENTORY MANAGEMENT at WAL-MART Just-in-time inventory (JIT) is the concept of only carrying as much inventory as essential to supply to customers or consumers. Many companies are using JIT to reduce inventory costs and increase gross profits (Damiano, 2005). It makes more sense for companies to use their dollars el sewhere, sooner than tying them up in inventory that is just sitting in a warehouse. Wal-Marts inventory philosophy focuses on getting the good out of the shelves and into the customers hand in the quickest and most cost efficient way as possible and Wal-Mart is a paragon of such efficiency.JIT (Just in Time) is an inventory management proficiency invented by the Japanese. The first users of this technique are said to be the Toyota people and to this day, this technique is being effectively used by them. The concept behind JIT is that it optimizes the work process byreducing waste and keeping negligible inventory (Epps, 1995). Inventory has a holding cost in terms of keeping the excess inventory in warehouses whose rent has to be paid thus increasing the cost of the inventory. As a retailer, Wal-Mart has been able to achieve respectable leadership by using this technique to reduce the holding costs and decreasing wastages. The most important factor in having a Just-In-Time invento ry system is to have the best logistics system in place. This includes having clear transport routes,

Theology Marriage in the 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theology Marriage in the 20th Century - Essay ExampleDuncan thinks that maybe knowing how to fight will help his son survive as a man in a mans world, just as he thinks this cleverness helped himself and his brothers cope with life Over time, physical combat begot in rangeectual combat, and our competitiveness and discipline allowed us to be fairly successful in the world (Duncan 2009, 1).Mr. Duncan wants to be a just parent, as he worries about failing his children (Duncan 2009, 1). What he means to be the implications of failing his children, one is not exactly sure. Would his children become epicene if they didnt learn how to fight Would they not have material success in the world if they didnt learn how to fight Duncan says the conflict between passivism and fighting creates a kind of parental dissonance, a discomfort that he feels slightly embarrassed to talk about in polite company (Duncan 2009, 1).Duncan wonders if he is being a intimately father by not teaching his son t o fight-just as his own father seemed to have been an effective father by teaching his sons how to fight, and also guide on the legacy of his grandfather. Duncan seems to be indebted to his father but conflicted by the social message of the Catholic teaching he grew up with My father would tell me that my son should learn to fight. My church tells me he should learn to love. Am I a bad father for teaching him one, and not the other I expect not (Duncan 2009, 1). In close to ways, Duncan feels a call to lead a countercultural sort of lifestyle. He says he is a Catholic who takes the call to be a peacemaker much more seriously than his own parents did. Though he is not a pacifisthe has great admiration and respect for the kind fo courage pacifism entailsmy own paradox (Duncan 2009, 1).Some advice for Mr. Duncan is in order. First of all, Mr. Duncan must realize that there are certain unwritten codes which we all follow according to the gender roles which indian lodge dictates. In a study of ads, Goffmans models seem to follow one body of tacit social rules about gender, not two or three, or some mixa sort of code (Hochschild 2003, 46).Mr. Duncans child is young. It is normal for a child to question at that age who he is. So, at this point in a boys life, hes asking himself, Who and what am I Is this my identity (Cahill 2006, 146) A good relationship with his father is guaranteed to help his son have success in life, not learning how to fight necessarily. self-collected from the clinical experience of many psychiatrists and therapists doesstemfrom problematic relationships with parents. The basic idea is that each individual in some sense has to achieve his gender identity by passing through a developmental sue (Cahill 2006, 153). This solves the issue of gender roles.Now, Duncan is worried if he is being a just parent. Where the ordinary relationships with parents are disrupted in this process of achieving gender identitythis process is short-circuited (C ahill 2006, 153). Clearly Duncan does not have problems here. He may perceive he is being a bad parent if he does not clearly define gender roles-ultra-masculinity being demonstrated by the fact that his son would know how to fight. Ultra-femininity, like ultra-masculinity, may mask the underlying

Advances in accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advances in accounting - Essay ExampleThe assumption in cost transparentness in the supply chain is that firms have visibility of the products that are supposed to be offered to them for business. In the modern dispensation, reading concerning products is non easily retrievable. Firms in or so instances follow the supply chains even to the fourth tiers just seeking information about the products. Some organizations use agents in order to find the some appropriate information before committing to the costs (Koster & Delfmann 2007, p. 31). In most instances the firms fail to get the relevant products that are required to the extent that the costs are not easily verifiable. The fundamental flaws that are experienced due to information deficiency cannot ensure transparency as appropriate. Companies may not have the appropriate information based on the complexity of the product or the technology used. To this extent, transparency in cost supply chain may not be realized. sharing info rmation is a fundamental issue in supply chains. Information does not stop with demand and supply, but involves sharing crank and crucial lucubrate concerning the costs. Sharing of information does not guarantee that the details given are forever in safe custody. Leaking of information is an inherent phenomenon that cannot be wished away. The information that is sensitive within the framework of open-book accounting settlement is not a guarantee that the sensitive data shared among the partners are based on cooperation or trust. The interchangeable behavior and trust of supply-chain partners is not a factor that can be relied on for safe custody of information on products and to this extent, cost transparency in the supply chain is a fallacy. The business environment is characterized by competitiveness to the extent that trust and cooperation may not be a factor to image when it comes relationships between buyers and suppliers (Koster & Delfmann 2007, p. 32). Cost

New loci for genetic resistance to malaria in humans Essay

New loci for ancestral resistance to malaria in humans - Essay ExampleThe pathogenic species belonging to this genus include P. ovale, P. Malariae, P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. Knowlesi. The severe form of the condition is the matchless caused by P. falcipurum which is prevalent in the Sub-Saharan Africa. Some overlapping clinical syndromes that indicates the severe form includes severe anaemia (SA) and cerebral malaria (CM) (World Health Organisation, 2000). The essay down the stairs refers to GWAS approach to develop the strategies applied in the development of control for infectious diseases in humans. According to Kwiatkowski (2005), the disease has been identified as a potent example in the human population. This is because catching traits such as sickle cell variants extradite been proven to protect race from malaria. Some highly variant genes gap resistance to malaria e.g. sickle cell haemoglobin variant (Hb-S) and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). This affi rms that malaria resistance among humans is genetic (Hedrick, 2011). The response to the malarial parasite of the human body varies i.e. some people may succumb upon infection while others may survive. This variation is caused by genetic factors (Mackinnon et al., 2005). The prevalence of the disease has led to an increase in mutation in the human body to counter the negative effects of the disease. Snow et al., (2005) alludes that the malaria form caused by P. falcipurum in endemic areas has led to a strong selective wardrobe among the human population. ... Studies on the genetic make-up of the human body have been enhanced by construction of a complete human genome. Enhanced genomic studies have been conducted globally to understand the variant traits of diseases and conditions such as diabetes and/or malaria. The genome wide studies include studies related to genome gene linkage and association. Genome-wide association studies are involved in the appointment of the pathways inf luencing malaria, especially the severe form of malaria. Human chromosome 10 (10p15.3-14) and chromosome 13 (13q) have been identified by Timmann et al. (2012) to possess pronounced linkages to the severe malaria forms. Genome-wide association studies links individuals with third estate genetic variants to a host of diseases and traits. Hirschorn and Daly (2005) deduce that the studies are characterised by a survey across the genome sets of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) for most of the common genetic variation that causes diseases or exposes an individual to disease vulnerability. Additionally, these studies contribute in the identification of the variants contributing to the disease on focus. The genome-wide analysis identifies the factors that influence health and disease. Contrary to the linkage studies where markers associated with the genome must segregate with diseases in families, the GWAS studies focuses on the analysis of genome for possible genetic variants causing the disease (Hirschorn and Daly, 2005). Timmann et al., (2012) asserts that resistance to malaria has not been comprehensively established. The GWAS studies are appropriate for identifying the variants for the genetic resistance in the body. The GWAS studies involve the application of

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Essay Example for Free

vehicular Ad Hoc Networks EssayABSTRACT.Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks is a kind of special wireless ad hoc mesh, which has the characteristics of high node mobility and fast analysis situs changes. The Vehicular Networks can provide wide variety of services, ranges from safety and crash avoidance to internet entre and multimedia applications. Attacking and misusing such web could wee destructive consequences. It is therefore necessary to integrate certificate fates into the chassis of VANETs and defend VANET administrations against misdeed, in order to ensure correct and smooth operations of the network. In this paper, I propose a security body for VANETs to achieve privacy desired by vehicles and key faculty compulsory by law enforcement authorities, in addition to satisfying thorough security requirements including au sotication, nonrepudiation, message integrity, and confidentiality. Moreover, we propose a privacy-preserving defence reaction technique for network aut horities to handle misbehaviour in VANET access, considering the challenge that privacy provides avenue for misbehaviour. The proposed system employs an identitybased cryptosystem where certificates argon non needed for authentication. I show the fulfilment and feasibility of our system with respect to the security goals and efficiency.1 INTRODUCTION VEHICULARad hoc networks (VANETs) are receiving increasing attentions from academic and deployment efforts from industry, due to the various applications and potential tremendous benefits they offer for future VANET users. Safety culture exchange enables life-critical applications, such as the alerting functionality during hybridizing traversing and lane merging, and thus, plays a expose role in VANET applications. Valueadded services can enhance drivers traveling experience by providing convenient Internet access, navigation, toll recompense services, etc.Other applications are also possible including different warning messages for congestion avoidance, detour notification, road conditions (e.g., slippery), etc., and alarm signals disseminated by emergency vehicles (e.g., ambulance) for road clearance. The gentle features of VANETs inevitably incur higher risksif such networks do not take security into account prior to deployment. For instance, if the safety messages are modified, discarded, or delayed every intentionally or due to hardware malfunctioning, serious consequences such as injuries and even deaths may occur. This necessitates and urges the development of a functional, reliable, and efficientsecurity architecture to begin with all new(prenominal) implementation aspects of VANETs.Fundamentally,VANET security design should guarantee authentication, nonrepudiation, integrity, and in some specific application scenarios, confidentiality, to protect the network against attackers.Besides the fundamental security requirements, sensitive information such as identity and location privacy should be res erved from the vehicle proprietors perspective, against unlawful ghost and user profiling, since otherwise it is tricky to attract vehicles to join the network. On the contrary, castability is required where the identity information need be revealed by law enforcement authorities for liability issues, once accidents or crimes occur. In addition, privilege repeal is required by network authorities (e.g., network administrator) once misbehaviour is detected during network access. It is less nasty to prevent misbehavior of unauthorized users (i.e., outsiders)since legitimate users and roadside units (RSUs) can simply disregard communication requests from outsiders by means of authentication.Nevertheless, misbehaviour of legitimate users of VANETs (i.e., insiders) is more difficult and complex to prevent, the reason being that insiders possess credentials issued by the berth to perform authentication with peer vehicles or RSUs who canbeeasily tricked into trusting the insiders. C onsequently, the insiders misbehaviour impart slang much larger impact on the network and will be the focus of this paper. I proposed system in this paper and m either young proposals on VANET security provide the option of using anonymous credentials in authentication, rendering it even more complex to handle misbehaviour in VANETs, since the user identity is hidden and cannot be linked arbitrarily which curbs the punishment of misbehaving users. Contributions. Given the conflicting goals of privacy and traceability, and the challenges in designing a privacy-preserving defending team schema for VANETs,i motivated to propose a security system that can effectively and efficiently solve the conflicts and challenges.Specifically, my main contributions in this paper include 1. I propose a pseudonym-based intention to assure vehicle user privacy and traceability. 2. I design a wand spot-based scheme to achieve nonframeability in tracing law violators. In this scheme, an innocent vehicle cannot be framed by a corrupted law enforcement authority due to rolesplitting mechanism.3. A novel privacy-preserving defense scheme is proposed leveraging scepter authentication. It guarantees that any additional authentication beyond the threshold will result in the revocation of the misbehaving users. This defense scheme differs from others in the first place in that it yields flexibility in the revocation (i.e., not all types of misbehaviour should be punished). Moreover, the dynamic accumulators in the threshold authentication technique facilitates each user to place further restrictions (besides the threshold) on other communicating users, which is an attractive feature to service providers. 4. My design incorporates mechanisms that guarantee authentication, nonrepudiation, message integrity, and confidentiality.2 RELATED WORK at that place is a large body of research work related to the security and privacy in VANETs. The most related works are on the design of pr ivacypreserving schemes. Raya and Hubaux 1investigated the privacy issue by proposing a pseudonym-based approach using anonymous public keys and the public key bag (PKI), where the public key certificate is needed, with child(p) rise to extra communication and entrepot overhead. Theauthors also proposed three credential revocation protocols tailored for VANETs, namely RTPD,RC2RL, and DRP 5, considering that the certificate revocation list (CRL) needs to be distributed across the entire network in a timely manner. All the three protocols seem to work well under conventional public key infrastructure (PKI). However, the authors also proposed to use frequently updated anonymous public keys to fulfillusers requirement on identity and location privacy. If this privacy preserving technique is used in jointure with RC2RL and DRP, the CRL produced by the trusted authority will become huge in size, rendering the revocation protocols highly inefficient.A lightweight symmetric-key-based se curity scheme for equilibrateauditability and privacy in VANETs is proposed in 2. It bears the drawback that peer vehicles authenticate each other via a base station, which is unsui turn off for inter vehicle communications. Gamage et al. 6 adopted an identity-based (IDbased) ring signature scheme to achieve signer ambiguity and hence fulfill the privacy requirement in VANET applications. The disadvantage of the ring signature scheme in the mise en scene of VANET applications, is the unconditional privacy, resulting in the traceability requirement unattainable. Group signature-based schemes are proposed in 4 where signer privacy is conditional on the meeting manager. As a result, all these schemes have the problem of identity escrow, as a sort out manager who possesses the group master key can arbitrarily reveal the identity of any group member. In addition, due to the limitation of group formation in VANETs (e.g., too few cars in the vicinity to strengthen the group), the grou p-based schemes 4may not be applied appropriately.The preference of group leader will sometimes encounter difficulties since a trusted entity cannot be found amongst peer vehicles. There are also a cast of defense techniques against misbehaviour in VANET literature besides those in 1. An indirect approach via the aid of infrastructure is used in 4.The TA distributes the CRL to the infrastructure points which then take over the TAs responsibility to execute the revocation protocol. The advantage of this approach is that vehicles never need to download the entire RL. Unfortunately, the conditional anonymity claimed in 4. only applies to amongst peer vehicles, under the assumption that the infrastructure points are trusted.The infrastructure points can reveal the identity of any vehicle at any time even if the vehicle is honest. Recently, Tsang et al. 7proposed a blacklistable anonymous credential system for blocking misbehavior without the trusted third party (TTP).The blacklisting technique can be applied to VANETs as if the vehicle fails to prove that it is not on the blacklist of the currentauthenticator, the authenticator will ignore the messages or requests sent by this vehicle. Although not proposed specifically for VANETs, the proposal in 7 has a similar claim as the capability of a TTP (network authority in this paper) to recover a users identity in any case is too strong a punishment and highly undesirable in some scenarios.The downside of thistechnique is the lack of options to trace misbehaving users, since any user in the system(misbehaving or not)will by no means be place by any entity including the authorities. I proposed a privacy-preserving defense scheme against misbehavior in 8 leveraging threshold authentication technique. This scheme and the scheme in 3 both preserve user privacy, and simultaneously provide trace ability (i.e., tracing law violators by enforcement authorities in 3 and tracing misbehaving users by network authorities in 8). The major differences between these schemes are the different adept realizations of the privacy and traceability schemes, due to the different application 3 SYSTEM MODEL We describe the functionalities of our security system and define security requirements in this section. 3.1 Overview Major entities in a VANET environment are depicted in A VANET system diagram.As mentioned before, traceability is needed by law enforcement authorities (LEAs) who require the identity of a violating vehicle to be disclosed for investigating the cause of accidents or crimes. Due to the seriousness of liability issues, if a single authority (e.g., the police) is fully capable of uncover the vehicle identity, this privilege may be abused. It is desirable if two or more authorities (e.g., the police, judge, special agents, and other possible law enforcement authorities) are give distributed control over the identity retrieval process. One benefit in doing so is that corrupted authorities (the number being less than the threshold) cannot arbitrarily trace vehicle users to compromise their privacy. Another benefit is that malicious authorities cannot falsely accuse (or frame) honest users. Such role-splitting is not required for network authorities since the threshold authentication technique in our defense scheme prevents a network authority from falsely accusing honest users.The proposed security system primarily consists of techniques addressing the privacy, traceability, nonframeability, and revocation (only by network authorities) issues. Thelogic diagram of the entities interactions is depicted in logic diagram, where the arrowed lines indicate the direction of packet flow or physical communications, the bracketed numbers airless each line index the major events or roles between the connected entities. The vehicle users are split into access group owners and members, whereas the RSUs can only be accessgroup owners. The entities and events/ operations are described in what follows.3.2 Entities and Procedures The entities in this system are the regional transportation authorities (RTAs), law enforcement authorities (LEAs),network authorities, roadside infrastructure including border RSUs for pseudonym management and regular RSUs (simply RSUs) for Internet access, and vehicle users. Considering practical scenarios, the RSUs in this system are mainly responsible for providing infrastructure access and network services. The RSUs are assumed to be operated by third-party service providers (SPs) who have business contracts with the RTA to build access infrastructure in the RTAs region. The RSUs are thus not owned by the RTA and have no preestablished trust relationship with the RTA. On the other hand, borders RSUs are owned and operated by the RTA, and can be considered as the agents who are delegated with the RTAs authority.These entities are involved in the following proceduremay be caused by malfunctioning hardware and thus is incidental. These types of misbehavior share a common feature, i.e., their occurrence or frequency is low, specifically, lower than a predetermined threshold. Threshold authentication-based defense further consists of six sub-procedures Membership registration RSUs and vehicle users registry with the RTA to use VANETs. Upon successful registration, a member public/private key partner off (mpkmsk) is issued to each RSU and vehicles. The RTA associates the members credential with the issued public key and includes this pair of information into a credential list IDlist. Access group setup RSUs and vehicles setup their own access groups, the member of which is granted privilege to communicate with the access group owner. The group owner adds members to the group and updates related public information.Each added member obtains an access key mak for the group. Access group revoking The access group owner revokes the granted privilege when deciding to stop communications with a member, due to some decision criteri a for misbehaviour. The access group owner removes the member from the access group and updates related public information. Threshold authentication This procedure is executed between an RSU and a vehicle, or between peer vehicles. We call the authenticator in this procedure Alice who announces the threshold k possibly different for each user being authenticated. Theauthentication succeeds if and only if the following conditions are met simultaneously the user Bob authenticating with Alice is a registered member of the VANET system, Bob is a legitimate member of Alices access group (if Alice is an access group owner) whose member privilege has not been revoked, and the authentication threshold has not been exceeded.Alice records the authentication transcripts in AUTHlog Tracing This procedure is used by Alice to trace a misbehaving member Mn who attempts to authenticate more than k times. Alice relies on the AUTHlog and public information, and obtains Mns credential n as the procedu re yield which is reported to the RTA.Revocation/recovery Upon receiving the complaints from other entities in the system as the output of Tracing, the RTA decides if the misbehaving members credential needs to be revoked. The RTA then performs the identity recovery by looking up the same pseudonym lookup table PLT (cf.System setup above) which also records the correspondence between the credential n and identity IDn. Note that for the ease of presentation, we assume the RTAs to act as network authorities for the defense scheme in this paper. In reality, when the roles of RTA and network authoritySystem setup This procedure is executed by the RTA for initial VANET system setup including domain statement publication, public/private key assignment for entities in the system to perform desired tasks, and database creation for storing necessary records (i.e., the pseudonym lookup table PLT). Pseudonym contemporaries and authentication for privacy RTA and border RSUs execute this proce dure to assign pseudonym/private key pairs to both vehicles traveling in their home domain and vehicles from other RTAs domains, so that these vehicles are able to authenticate with RSUs and other vehicles to obtain services and useful messages.Threshold signature for nonframeability This procedure is invoked by LEAs to share the secret information for recovering a guilty vehicles identity. Meanwhile, it prevents corrupted authorities from gathering full power to accuse an innocent vehicle. The functional component of this procedure is the threshold signature. Threshold-authentication-based defense Designed for the network authorities, this procedure is used to revoke a misbehaving vehicles credential, refraining the vehicle from further disrupting system operations. As the sum total of this procedure, the threshold authenticationtechnique provides a mechanism to allow certain types of misbehavior that should not result in revocation. For instance, the misbehaviorare separate, the network authority can simply take charge as the RTA in the above sub procedures. Nonetheless, in the execution of Revocation/recovery, the network authority needs to establish trust with or be delegated by the RTA in order to access the PLT.When we mention network authorities in what follows, we implicitly refer to RTAs in the network authority role. 3.3 Security Requirements I define the security requirements for a VANET security system, and will show the fulfillment of these requirements after presenting the design details. 1. Privacy The privacy requirement states that private information such as vehicle owners identity and location privacy is preserved against unlawful tracing and user profiling. 2. Traceability It is required where the identity information of violators need be revealed by law enforcement authorities for liability purposes. The traceability requirement also indicates that a misbehaving user will be identified and the corresponding credential revoked, if necessar y, by network authorities, to prevent this user from further disrupting system operations. Certain criteria have to be met for the traceability of a misbehaving user as explained in the next section.3. Nonframeability Nonframeability requires that no entity in the system can accuse an honest user for having violated the law or misbehaved. 4. Other requirements A secure VANET system should satisfy several fundamental requirements, namely, authentication, nonrepudiation, message integrity, and confidentiality where sensitive information is being exchanged, to protect the system against unauthorized-message injection, denial of message disseminations, message alteration, and eavesdropping, respectively. Nonrepudiation also requires that violators or misbehaving users cannot get across the fact that they have violated the law or misbehaved. 4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK I have presented the VANET security system mainly achieving privacy, traceability, nonframeability, and privacy-prese rving defense against misbehaviour and reducing traffic in the network. These functionalities are realized by thepseudonym-based technique, the threshold signature, and the threshold authentication based defense scheme. The ID-based cryptosystem facilitatesus to design communication and storage efficient schemes. Our future work consists of simulating the proposed security system and experimenting it in real VANET settings.REFERENCES1 M. Raya and J-P. Hubaux, Securing Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, J. Computer Security, special issue on security of ad hoc and sensor networks, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 39-68, 2007. 2 J.Y. Choi, M. Jakobsson, and S. Wetzel, Balancing Auditability and Privacy in Vehicular Networks, Proc. First ACM Intl WorkshopQoS and Security for Wireless and Mobile Networks (Q2SWinet 05), pp. 79-87, Oct. 2005. 3 J. Sun, C. Zhang, and Y. Fang, An Id- base Framework Achieving Privacy and Non-Repudiation in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Proc. IEEE Military Comm. Conf., pp. 1-7, Oct. 2007. 4 X. Lin, X. Sun, P.-H. Ho, and X. Shen, GSIS A Secure and Privacy-Preserving Protocol for Vehicular Communications,IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 3442-3456, Nov. 2007. 5 M. Raya, P. apadimitratos, I. Aad, D. Jungels, and J.-P. Hubaux,Eviction of Misbehaving and Faulty Nodes in Vehicular Networks, IEEE J. Selected Areas Comm., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 15571568,Oct. 2007. 6 C. Gamage, B. Gras, B. Crispo, and A.S. Tanenbaum, An Identity Based Ring Signature Scheme with Enhanced Privacy, Proc.Second Intl Conf. Security and Privacy in Comm. Networks (SecureComm 06), Aug. 2006. 7 P. Tsang, M.H. Au, A. Kapadia, and S.W. Smith, Blacklistable Anonymous Credentials Blocking Misbehaving Users without TTPs, Proc. ACM Conf. Computer and Comm. Security (CCS),pp. 72-81, 2007. 8 J. Sun and Y. Fang, A Defense Technique against Misbehavior in VANETs Based on Threshold Authentication, Proc. IEEE Military Comm. Conf., Nov. 2008.